Wednesday, February 26, 2020
Popular Culture (paraphrase) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Popular Culture (paraphrase) - Essay Example              Both heroes and celebrities are admired by the public, and as such amass followers or 'fans'. This is for varying reasons: heroes for doing good, celebrities because they are ubiquitous and unavoidable. Heroes are generally held in such high esteem for their personal achievements and qualities: Karoly Tacakz, for example, is a national hero in Hungary. After a 1938 accident in which a grenade exploded in his shooting hand, making an amputation necessary, he trained with his left hand and won Olympic gold medals for shooting in 1948 and 1952 (Ruben). Celebrities, on the other hand, can become famous for less admirable traits, such as their looks, wealth, or acting ability. Some celebrities are even focused on for doing bad things, O.J. Simpson being one prominent instance of this. The nature of celebrity is that they accumulate vast numbers of fans all around the world, whereas heroes may not be widely known, partic ularly outside of their native country – most non-Hungarians have never heard of Karoly Tacakz. The wide fanbase of celebrities, and typically narrower fanbase of heroes, reflects the fact that both heroes and celebrities are leaders in their chosen fields.              Heroes are recognized as leaders and pioneers because they are most often knowledgeable or skilful, with abilities beyond the realm of common experience. However, some celebrities clearly fall into this category: in England, many actors and actresses have been recognized by the same institution which recognized, for example, Sir Isaac Newton, and at the same level. Dame Judi Dench is one of these hero-celebrities, who has been awarded a damehood for her impressive and expressive acting skills. However, it is demanded of celebrities to make public appearances in a way that heroes are not – both male and female celebrities are expected to present th emselves happily for often cruel judgment on their clothes, body and looks. The daily movements of heroes are not generally recorded in tabloids or magazines, whereas sensationalized facts and even speculation of celebrities' whereabouts are readily available. Every detail of a celebrity's life, however irrelevant, is scrutinized, such as in the recent Rolling Stone interview of Justin Bieber in which, inexplicably, the teen pop star was asked his opinion on abortion (Grigoriadis).              Both heroes and celebrities have great influence on society, regardless of the level of exposure society has to them (greater for celebrities and less for heroes). Usually, although not always, heroes inspire whereas celebrities influence: women such as Aisha Humad, whose achievements teaching Sudanese women about their rights, inspire others to follow her footsteps (McKellogg). Celebrities, on the other hand, can i nfluence people's beliefs by speaking out about certain issues, such as the Canadian athlete Clara Hughes. Her campaign to help people battle depression is an example of celebrities' words affecting how people think. Similarly, the typical lifestyle of a
Monday, February 10, 2020
Gut microbiota in mammals Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Gut microbiota in mammals - Term Paper Example The anatomy of the gut is designed to perform efficiently both of these functions. To enable nutrient uptake, many associated digestive glands and multiple folding of the inner lining ensure thorough digestion and rapid assimilation of the nutrients. The gut associated lymphoid tissue on the other hand ensures that the internal environment of gut remains devoid of harmful foreign antigens. Besides these an important component of the gut is the gut microbiota, which together with the host form a composite body. So intimately is the existence of the two entwined, that the microbial community is collectively considered an organ of the host body; and the mammalian genome is referred to as metagenome, i.e. host genome along with the genome of its microbial community (Ley et al., 1647). The number and diversity of microbes residing indigenously in the gut environment is massive comprising of bacteria, protozoans, anaerobic phycomycetes and bacteriophages. Not only are they an integral part of the gut ecosystem, but they also contribute indispensably to the nutritional, physiological and immunological functions of the gut (Mackie, 13). Though the exact composition of the gut microbiota of different animals cannot be listed with certainty, yet the variations observed are primarily due to the differences in the diet of different animals. ... this, a study of gut microbiology would proceed in three parallel lines, for three classes of microbial consortia; one for each of these gut environments. This paper aims to discuss the functional significance of the microbial population in the gut of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores. Figure 1 Mammalian Gut Figure 2: Mammalian Gut Lining II. Role of Gut Microbiota in Herbivores: Herbivores derive their nutrition from plant components; hence it is imperative to possess the ability to digest plant cell wall. However, the cellulose component of plant cell wall makes it difficult to disintegrate. Herbivores therefore, during the course of evolution have acquired adaptations that enable them to disintegrate and assimilate this otherwise indigestible material (Karasov and Carey, 364). The herbivore mammalian foregut or hindgut is divided into chambers where fermentation of the food intake is carried out with help of microbial inhabitants of the gut. These chambers are known as rumen an d the animals as ruminants. Due to exclusively plant based diet of herbivore, the role of gut microbe in herbivore gut assumes immense significance, the gut microbiota being imperative for digestion process in herbivores. This justifies an exclusive discussion of ruminant gut microbiota. Evolution of gut microbiota: Evolution of the digestive system of mammals to enable utilization of complex plant material proceeds parallel with the evolution of their gut microbiota. The ubiquitous microbes on one hand were easily able to colonize the mammals in general, but further evolutionary pattern was dependent on the diet of the host they inhabited. Thus the microbial population of the mammalian host coevolved with the evolving host digestive system. In herbivores as the gut became longer and
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